Chesapeake Energy Corporation

common gas† {Chesapeake Annual Report, 1998, p. 1}. As of late, Chesapeake completed the change from a forceful investigation organization concentrated on growing short-hold life, to a lower-chance, longer save life flammable gas maker. Chesapeake†s tasks are centered around â€Å"developmental penetrating and creating property acquisitions.† These activities are â€Å"concentrated in three significant regions: the Mid-mainland, the inland Gulf of Mexico and far northeastern British Columbia, Canada† [Chesapeake Annual Report, 1998, p. 1]. Aubrey K. McClendon is Chesapeake†s Chairman of the Board, Chief Executive Officer and Director. Tom L. Ward is the President, Chief Operating Officer and Director. â€Å"McClendon met prime supporter Tom Ward in the 1980†³s. Both were free oil makers; they collaborated in 1983† [Morgenson, p. 2]. They each have over 16 years of involvement with the oil and gaseous petrol industry. Every single other individual from the supervisory group have various long periods of involvement with the business. Chesapeake has focused on extending its possessions in flammable gas since the company†s consolidation in 1989. Chesapeake believes that flammable gas will be the fuel decision of the 21st century. The organization has been exceptionally serious in the two its investigation exercises and endeavors to expand its stock of lacking leasehold land. This mix should empower Chesapeake to stay a serious power in the vitality creating industry. New innovation in the oil and gas industry has made investigation and creation increasingly beneficial. This is key for the endurance of American organizations that contend with OPEC and other outside cartels that have extremely low creation costs. New innovation, including three-dimensional imaging, which has more prominent goals than the already existing innovation, will empower Chesapeake to identify saves all the more precisely. Additionally, level penetrating has empowered organizations to deplete more than each hold in turn. With benefits proceeding to be crushed inside this industry, new innovation is important to enable American organizations to contend on a worldwide scale. The oil and gas industry is really a worldwide market. The business helped gains in 1999 from expanded creation productivity and an abatement in the present flexibly. U.S. firms, alongside OPEC, have willfully discounted their all out creation, which has expanded the cost. OPEC presently supplies around 40% of the world oil creation. On the off chance that OPEC decides to deliver at a lower yield, Chesapeake could without much of a stretch increment creation with its low creation costs and immense stores. Numerous different countries are rising as contenders, for example, the previous Soviet Union and Latin American nations. The proceeding with increment in flexibly from different countries would conceivably immerse the market, causing lower costs and lower benefits. Request is relied upon to rise just somewhat in excess of two percent during that time 2005. The viewpoint for this industry is for expanded rivalry locally (from littler organizations) and globally from rising countries. The U.S. has unrivaled innovation, which will help keep benefits up as flexibly increments and request remains moderately steady. Petroleum gas makes up 72% of Chesapeake†s income. They normally offer the item to outsiders and are not subject to any one purchaser. Under 10% of their incomes are created from two purchasers. Legislative Regulations †Operational and Labor Relations The oil and gas enterprises are dependent upon extensive government guideline. These laws and guidelines are basically coordinated toward â€Å"the taking care of and removal of penetrating and creation squander items and waste made by water and air contamination control devices† [Chesapeake 10-K, 1998, p. 10]. The oil and gas industry is responsible to various government organizations, including the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of the Interior, the Department of Energy, the State Department and the Department of Commerce. For all intents and purposes each part of tasks is dependent upon complex and regularly evolving guidelines. The oil and gas industry is firmly directed as to work relations by government office and offices, including the Occupational Safety and Health Association (OSHA) and the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB). A few states have their own state supported word related security plans, while the rest of consent to government OSHA guidelines. A portion of the themes secured under OSHA incorporate individual defensive gear, dangerous correspondence (HAZCOM) and wellbeing process preparing. Chesapeake had 453 workers as of March 15, 1999. None of these representatives were spoken to by composed worker's organizations. The organization believes its representative relations to be acceptable [Chesapeake 10-K, 1998, p. 13]. Unocal (NYSE: UCL) utilized 7,880 individuals as of December 31, 1998, of which 575 were spoken to by different U.S. worker's organizations [Unocal 10-K, 1998, p. 12]. The two organizations are dependent upon new laws and guidelines with respect to the earth and work. Chesapeake and Unocal can't anticipate what unfavorable monetary conditions the new laws and guidelines will bring. In any case, present moment and long haul costs will increment as organizations improve existing activities to become and stay agreeable with government guidelines. Thus, all organizations in petro-concoction ventures are encountering huge trouble working beneficial organizations. A few organizations have stopped activities because of expanded guideline combined with poor overall revenues. Chesapeake is at a higher hazard in regards to this situation since the greater part of its activities are local. Unocal, albeit a U.S. based organization, activities are thought principally abroad, and in this way experience expanded tolerance with respect to ecological and work guidelines. During the most recent two years, Chesapeake Corporation endured a huge shot as far as profit, stock cost and FICO scores. Positive 1996 income went to a misfortune in 1997 and tumbled to a greater loss of $10 per share in 1998. This income decrease caused the stock cost and FICO assessment to dive. The organization likewise faces a legal claim originating from supposed infringement of government protections laws. Top administration and chiefs are blamed for utilizing insider data to sell individual possessions in the organization at misleadingly swelled costs. Chesapeake had disillusioning a very long time in 1997 and 1998 as confirm by the fall in the stock cost. The organization experienced a significant repositioning to build gaseous petrol property and diminish chance. Because of this repositioning, Chesapeake brought about significant obligation and is reliant available costs of oil and petroleum gas to increment, and as a result, improve net revenues. Furthermore, in 1997, Chesapeake changed their monetary year end from June 30th to December 31st. As a component of the repositioning, Chesapeake expanded long haul obligation over $400 million to an aggregate of $920 million, combined with a momentary obligation of $25 million. This expanded getting definitely decreased the company†s capacity to get extra financing. Standard Poor†s and Moody†s set Chesapeake on survey with a negative viewpoint. The capacity to meet commitments for this extra obligation will rely upon the creation and monetary execution of the organization, advertise costs of oil and gaseous petrol, and general financial conditions. Basic Size Income Statement Analysis Chesapeake had an incredibly enormous record of advantages (disability) because of discounted oil and gas costs during the previous hardly any years. This charge expanded working expenses by over $1.2 billion during 1997-98 with 72% of that cost coming in 1998. The advantage record, joined with cost increments underway, showcasing and intrigue, were the fundamental patrons of all out working expenses to be more than multiple times absolute income. The outcome was 1998 EBIT of ($920) million, and a non-existent ROE, since the organization had a total deficit drawing nearer $1 billion. Unocal†s ROE was 5.9% in 1998 and 25.1% in 1997. The impedance cost announced by Chesapeake is flawed on account of the enormous sum that was charged. In context, Unocal with over $5 billion in property resources recorded an impedance charge of $97 million during 1998. In the event that oil and gas costs ascend sooner rather than later, the disability expenses might be switched giving the feeling that the organization is doing well indeed. Future financial specialists of Chesapeake values ought to consider this reality preceding creation any venture choices. Chesapeake had a $140 million decrease to the two sides of the accounting report. The repositioning of the firm centered around expanding stock of flammable gas saves, â€Å"the fuel of decision for the 21st century† [1998 Annual Report, pg. 18]. Oil and gas properties almost multiplied from 1997 to 1998, totaling $2.2 billion. Be that as it may, about $1.6 billion was deteriorated, drained and amortized. Furthermore, money diminished almost $100 million, transient ventures were sold, and paid-in capital surpassed $1.1 billion in the course of recent years to give extra money to acquisition of gas saves. Thus, absolute property, plant and hardware was 85% of all out resources in 1998 contrasted with 77% in 1997. In correlation, Unocal†s PPE was 66% and 64% of all out resources individually. Long haul obligation expanded over $400 million out of 1998, totaling $920 million contrasted with $510 million out of 1997. The $920 million was 113% according to add up to liabilities and proprietors value of $813 million. In 1998, current liabilities were $131 million contrasted with current resources of $118 million. This brought about a decreased current proportion of .90 from a 1997 proportion of 1.42. The Unocal current proportions during 1998 and 1997 were 1.01 and 1.29 separately. Chesapeake has depended principally on income through financing exercises during the previous not many years. Income from drama

Tattooing Is An Art Form Example

Tattooing Is An Art Form Example Tattooing Is An Art Form â€" Essay Example > Tattooing is an Art FormIntroductionTattooing remains to be one of the greatest human artistic expressions with the longest history. Background information provides that tattooing is a story for global cultural exchange that was started as an art. While scholars have attempted to argue that the term came from ‘tatau’ (denoting ‘art’ in Samoan and Tahitian), the history of tattoo as an art stretches beyond these views. Perhaps conceptualizing periods when the islands of the Pacific that European sailors met the body art. Research studies that have attempted to interview tattooed people have indicated that decisions for tattooing were because it is a fascinating art (Timming 2015). On the other hand, the socio-genesis researches that have surveyed the aspect of tattoo with regard to art and cult found that the practice did not only originate as art but were considered as artistic expressions done through body markings (Atkinson 2003). The historical perspectives of tattooist s have provided different approach in which studies have conceptualized the aspect of tattoo. Research surveys on background information of tattoo have realized that tattooists considered their works as an art for museum treasures---an art intended to make humankind in touch with the universe’s creative impulse. On the other hand, there have been arguments that some tattooing elements are not fit enough to be associated with art. These arguments have often associated tattoo with cult. While the arguments on the artistic nature of tattoo remains multifaceted, this study critically assess the extent to which tattoo is indeed an art. Premised on the thesis statement or contention that indeed tattooing is an art, the essay will review contemporary studies that have argued for and against the contention. Tattooing has a Long History as ArtJust like any other art, tattooing has a long history for many centuries, which has delivered different meaning in each country. Researching on “ The Sociogenesis of a Body Art” Atkinson (2003), the scholar interviewed tattooed individuals and tattooists and his conclusion on the data collected likened the history of tattoo to any other form of art. His case study is centralized on elements such as cosmetic surgery and body piercing. For as long as body piercing and cosmetic surgeries share the same history as tattooing, there is paucity of comprehensive research that have contested the artistic nature of tattoo. The point of argument Atkinson (2003) attempts to develop is that body piercing is already considered an art not because of its uniqueness or resemblance with other forms of art but because it shares the same sociological origin with other forms of art. Additionally, just like cosmetic surgery and body piercing, Atkinson (2003) finds through evidence based literatures that tattooing is an art made to represent one’s personality and social backgrounds. Conversely, there is an indication, from tattooed individual s and tattooist that for many decades, tattooing has delivered different meaning as an art. These meanings have been conceptualized differently depending on social set up of each country. The empirical findings by Atkinson (2003) have also been supported by Baumann, Timming and Gollan (2016) who have shown that the long history of tattoo qualifies it as an art. According to results from their surveys and interviews, every country has unique expressions of tattoos as artistic symbols that represents or resonates well with a given cultural belief. The scholars observed that historically, American had considered tattoo as ‘undesirable’ class, what was once linked with biker or criminal milieu slowly transformed, over decades, to be regarded as one of the artistic expressions used to communicate personal style. Indeed, the history stretches to the period when artists who travelled on the voyages sketched different designs on their bodies that were later found on the island; this wa s perhaps the origin of the creative artwork.

Tuesdays with Morrie Essay - 659 Words

At first glance, the movie, Tuesdays With Morrie, appeared to be a movie about an ex-student learning a final lesson about life from his dying ex-professor. But, as the movie progressed, I felt it was actually a movie about two dying men. Morrie, the old professor, was in the final stages of ALS and physically dying. Mitch, the former student was a commitment-phobic living an unfulfilled life and spiritually dying. Spiritual death is reversible, so Mitch tried to gain some of the wisdom and learn some of the lessons that Morrie had already learned in his happily fulfilled life. On the other hand, physical death is irreversible and Morrie realized that his time was growing short. He had concerns, such as becoming increasingly dependent on†¦show more content†¦In fact, his job was his main priority. Maybe he was afraid to face his fears and kept his mind off of them by absorbing himself in work. But, Morrie made Mitch face those fears, taught him that love was the most importa nt and powerful force in life and without it, we’re nothing. Mitch ultimately realized that his priorities were backwards and sought more meaning in his life. He learned to take time for others, especially Janie, and show affection. Love and commitment no longer scared him and he was able to savage his relationship. Morrie essentially saved Mitch’s relationship with Janine and made him realize that there was more to life than just work. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mitch helped improve Morrie’s final days because he was very ill and required physical and emotional help. Physically, he was unable to do things like move, dress himself or even cough. He feared loosing his independence. But, Mitch, his wife and his caretakers relieved those fears. They helped him with his physical and emotional needs. He was constantly surrounded by people, who loved and cared for him. In a way, he was able to live the life he had through Mitch. Everyone needs someone to talk to and Morrie was no exception. Conversations with Mitch forced him to think about some of the adversities in his own life such as his strained relationship with his father. Morrie’s father had been a cold, distant man who easily detached himself from people. His detachment was evident when heShow MoreRelatedTuesday with Morrie2551 Words   |  11 PagesAlbom, and Morrie who is the main subject. Their relationship starts when Mitch is in college while Morrie is his sociology professor. Morrie seems to be a man who wants to leave a legacy behind after he dies since he has been told by the doctor that his life is coming to an end. Mitch considers it a privilege meeting someone who teaches about life and offers solutions to life challenges. As Morrie happens to meet with Mitch, his past student and friend, they plan to start meeting on Tuesdays and MitchRead MoreTuesdays With Morrie By Morrie1882 Words   |  8 Pages Tuesdays with Morrie tells th e real story of Morrie Schwartz. Morrie was a university professor who was dying of ALS (Lou Gehrig s disease). Instead of being afraid of death, he faced it head on and decided to make the most of his time left. After seeing a Nightline episode featuring his old professor, Morrie, the author, Mitch, decides to pay his old professor a visit. Mitch is intrigued by Morrie s attitude towards death and his life lessons, so he decides to visit Morrie again next TuesdayRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesCameron, discuss how effectively Mitch Albom, author of Tuesdays with Morrie, uses plot and story, character development, point of view, theme, and symbols to convey his mesage. Include your personal thoughts and views, as well as textual references, to support your opinions. In Mitch Albom’s Tuesday’s with Morrie, Albom detailed his personal experiences with his professor Morrie Schwartz. Mitch also expressed how influential Morrie was to his friends, relatives, patients, and coworkers. WithinRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesTuesdays with Morrie. The symbolic interactionism is an excellent sociological perspective that allows us to focus on micro activities and to analyze our society which is the product of everyday’s life. Tuesdays with Morrie is more than a simple book, more than a romance one; it is a great book that teaches us many of life’s greatest lessons. An analysis of this book using the SI perspective and concepts such as meaning making, status, impression management, looking-glass self, role taking, roleRead MoreTuesdays with Morrie Essay812 Words   |  4 PagesThe focus throughout Tuesdays with Morrie was on life. Many might see it as the story of death, but it is actually the story life. Morrie might talk a little on how he meets death, but what he is talking about is living at the end of his life. Mitch writes, â€Å"Now here we were . . . . . . Dying man talks to living man, tells him what he should know.†(Albom, 133) When a timer is placed on Morrie’s remaining days, he obtains a dying man’s perspective on what is truly important in life, and how to incorporateRead MoreTuesdays With Morrie Analysis771 Words   |  4 Pageshad kept hidden†(Albom 64). This quote is from Tuesdays with Morrie, It is talking about how the main character Mitch Albom puts himself in Morries Schwartz’s shoes. Morrie had a disease called Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a nervous system disease that weakens muscles and impact physical functions. Morrie is Mitch’s old college professor. They meet on tuesdays at Morries house to talk about his life lessons that he has learned over his lifespan. Morrie teaches people to live through loving what heRead MoreSummary Of Tuesdays With Morrie1487 Words   |  6 PagesTuesdays with Morrie was awakening, yet, heartbreaking and I couldn’t put the book down. It was a story of friendship that turned to love, a story of family, a story of trust, and a story of death. As I read each page, I felt closer to Morrie Schwartz as if I knew him personally. Morrie, the main character in the book, was a kind, sensitive soul. He believed in humanity, and enjoyed sharing his wisdom with others. As a sociology professor at Brandeis University he taught and mentored many studentRead MoreEssay on Tuesdays with Morrie577 Words   |  3 PagesTuesdays with Morrie The setting is late of 1979. A young boy visits with an elderly man every Tuesday to be enlightened on the meaning of life. His name is Mitchell, but friends call him ?Mitch.? The greatest lesson of life is life. Professor Morrie Schwartz is a special teacher, not only is he an instructor, but a mentor and a friend. He is a small elderly man with thin gray hair who dresses casual in old gray sweatshirts. Morrie was a dancer and also a prominent doctor of sociology. He wasRead MoreSummary Of Tuesdays With Morrie1945 Words   |  8 PagesAphorism Narrative Aphorisms are statements of observations that express an opinion or remarks of wisdom. Tuesdays With Morrie is a book about a man who’s dying from ALS, or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis which is a â€Å"progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord.† (What Is ALS?) Morrie uses aphorisms quite frequently to accept his future and make peace with the past. The two aphorisms I chose are about making your life as fulfilling as possibleRead MoreTuesdays With Morrie Character Analysis707 Words   |  3 Pagesso afraid to show their emotions? In the book Tuesdays with Morrie, there is a man named Morrie who teaches people to be more open rather than afraid to give their love to others, and to be able to receive ones outgoing love. Morrie teaches Mitch showing his emotions is natural and it’s what every living thing does. Morrie tells his student Mitch â€Å"The most important thing in life is to learn how to give out love, and let love come in.†(Albom 53) Morrie says â€Å"people should not be scared or nervous

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Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout Free Essays

|21 | Coursework R: Mini-Review Topic Selected: Topic 2: â€Å"Skeletal muscle undergoes repair and regenaration throughout normal life. Write a review on the processes involved, emphasizing the role of satellite cells. † Muscle Cell Regeneration and the Impact of Ageing Introduction: Throughout normal life, skeletal muscles undergo repair and regeneration in response to injury through a process involving several sequential steps. We will write a custom essay sample on Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout or any similar topic only for you Order Now A very important role in this regeneration is played by satellite cells, which are small mononuclear progenitor cells found in mature muscle tissues. In this review, we are going to explore the consequences of ageing in satellite cell numbers and their ability to maintain and preserve muscle tissue. Steps involved when skeletal muscle is damaged: The homeostatic process that allows muscle regeneration in response to an injury stimulus, involves four interrelated steps: degeneration, inflammation, regeneration and remodelling repair. When myofibers are damaged, extracellular calcium flows into the cell, initiating proteolysis, which causes necrosis. The necrosis of myofibers brings about an inflammatory response where neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate the injured site. Neutrophils are the first to arrive; they remove cell debris by releasing free radicals and proteases as well as secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate the arrival of macrophages. There two different classes of macrophages arriving at the injured site: M1 (expressing CD68) and M2 (expressing CD163). The M1 class is responsible for producing a high concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which promote further tissue inflammation. Arriving next, is the M2 class of macrophages that induce angiogenesis and tissue remodelling and repair, by activating stem cells. This phase of inflammation is critical to the muscle regeneration process. Experiments have shown that if the inflammation response is inhibited, then muscle repair cannot occur at all. Nevertheless, there must be a balance between insufficient and excessive inflammation response. The regenerative phase is achieved by the activation, proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells that fuse together to form multinucleated myotubes. This is regulated by the presence of a number of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and others. The final phase of the regenerative process is ‘remodelling and repair’ and it involves the remodelling of connective tissue, angiogenesis and functional recovery of the skeletal muscle. How does this happen? Well, once the muscle is injured, there is an excessive production of collagens that promote scar tissue to form. This is so-called fibrosis formation is activated by transforming growth factor-? 1 (TGF-? 1), which plays a major role in this cascade. This phase is over once the injured muscle has been replaced by a functional and contractile apparatus. Figure 1: [pic] Fig. 1 shows the steps involved for a satellite cell to form a myotube. (www. bioscience. org) The role of satellite cells: Satellite cells (identified using electron microscopy) are located under the basal lamina and are a type of muscle stem cells. They are present in muscle tissue in the quiescent form and can be activated by both physiological stimuli (such as extensive exercise), as well as pathological conditions (injury or degenerative disease). Their main function is to create a population of myoblasts that can fuse with each other or with other myofibers and differentiate, so as to repair muscle tissue. Both quiescent and active satellite cells express the transcription factor Pax-7 that is thought to drive transcription and maintain proliferation. Even though the role of Pax-7 is not completely understood, it is evident that without it, we would not have satellite cells. In fact, an experiment showed that mice lacking Pax-7, did not survive beyond 2 weeks. In addition, activated satellite cells express a protein called myogenic regulatory factor (MyoD), which is a crucial factor in regulating the differentiation of muscle cells. Impact of ageing in muscle degeneration: Hypothetically, even though the number of satellite cells decreases with age, the few cells remaining should be enough to initiate the regenerative mechanism. However, experiments have shown that the surrounding tissue and systemic environment to which the satellite cells were placed, were far more important factors for muscle regeneration than the number of cells present. This hypothesis was supported by the fact that old muscle tissue could be regenerated when it was placed in a young animal, but the opposite did not occur. Therefore, the hypothesis that the decrease in satellite cell numbers due to ageing was the major factor that affected regeneration was proved to be wrong. Figure 2: [pic] Fig. illustrates the difference between a normal myofiber and a regenerating myofiber. (www. bioscience. org) Conclusion: All in all, sarcopenia alters the regeneration and repair of muscle, which can cause structural abnormalities. Ageing causes a dramatic decrease in satellite cell numbers and reduces their ability to repair damaged muscle. Even though young stem cells applied to aged or damaged skeletal muscle seem to be promising for therapeutic applications, we must gain a better understanding of satellite cell biology in order to use regenerative medicine to treat sarcopenia. Bibliography: Carosio, S. , Berardinelli, M. G. , Aucello, M. , Musaro, A. (2011) Ageing research reviews. Impact of ageing on muscle cell regeneration. 10: 35-42 Kierszenbaum, A. L. , (2007) Histology and cell biology: An introduction to pathology (2nd Ed. ). Philadelphia: Mosby. 7: 197-210 Crowe, J. , Brdashaw, T. (2010) Chemistry for the Biosciences. The essential concepts. (2nd Ed) Oxford University Press. 9(3): 270-272 Satellite Cells. [Online]. Available from: http://www. brown. edu/Courses/BI0032/adltstem/sc. tm [Accessed 6 December 2011] Zammit, S. P. , et al (2006) Pax7 and myogenic progression in skeletal muscle satellite cells. [Online]. Available from: http://jcs. biologists. org/content/119/9/1824 [Accessed 7 December 2011] Seime, A. , Caron, A. Z. , Gremier, G. (2009) Frontiers in Biosciences:Advances in myogenic cell transplantation and skeletal muscle tissue engineering. [Online]. Available from: http://www. bioscience. org/2009/v14/af/3431/fulltext. asp? bframe=figur es. htmdoi=yes [Accessed 7 December 2011] Word count: 747 How to cite Skeletal Muscle Undergoes Repair and Regenaration Throughout, Essay examples

Emotional Impact of Separation on Hills free essay sample

Before authoring â€Å"Hills like White Elephants,† Hemingway had been residing in Paris with his wife Hadley and son, Bumby. During their stay in Paris, Hadley and Ernest Hemingway met a woman named Pauline Pfeiffer. Pauline was more of a friend to Hadley than Hemingway was. Pauline did not think much of Hemingway at first, she thought he was lazy and a no-doer. Later Pauline and Hemingway fell in love and had an affair. Once Hadley knew of their affair, Hemingway requested a divorce. Hadley agreed under one condition, Hemingway and Pfeiffer had to separate for 100 days. After the 100 days if they were still in love, then Hadley would grant the divorce (Baker 174). This separation period left an indelible effect on Hemingway’s life and works. During this separation, Hemingway began a collection of short stories titled â€Å"Men without Women.† Hemingway explained, â€Å"The title was an indication that all the stories were missing the softening feminine influence† (Baker 182). We will write a custom essay sample on Emotional Impact of Separation on Hills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Out of this collection, he wrote a short story, â€Å"Hills like White Elephants.†The story opens up with two people engaging in a conversation at a cafà © in a train station. The reader can easily view that the couple is merely just passing time. However, several references could lead the reader to believe that the alcohol consumption is a panacea for the couple. In the opening paragraph, the couple is getting off the train. They wanted to get something to drink. The couple could have had any beverage to drink but the man suggested they drink beer and then he emphasized â€Å"big† ones. This was an indication that the couple was dealing with something serious. In paragraph 87 when the girl did not want to talk anymore, she then asked if they could have another beer (Stanford 841). It is human nature to avoid problems, as this couple is doing. Why do people drink? People develop dependencies, to cope with troubles. In relation to Hemingway, he was among the many literary writers who were alcoholics. He even said, â€Å"That all good writers are drinking writers† (Benedictus). Looking at the circumstances when Hemingway wrote the story, he was very depressed. He became so emotionally depressed he vowed to kill himself by Christmas if his love affair had not settled (Baker 176). He faced guilt for divorcing Hadley. He also faced criticism and rejection from his parents. They did not grant approval to his literary works. Hemingway’s mother had even referred to one of his works as, â€Å"One of the filthiest books of the year† (Baker 180).

Nike an Ethical Issue I Essay Example

Nike an Ethical Issue I Paper Nike an Ethical Issue Nike an Ethical Issue Nike is a company that was created on an agreement and a handshake between two men. That handshake between Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight became the foundation of how Nike does business. Integrity and commitment to the highest ethical standards make up the code of business ethics for Nike. A company like Nike that has a code of ethics and a foundation of how business is conducted should not have any problems with ethical issues as far as the way they do business; however there is an ethical issue in regards to Nike. Ethical Issue Nike has been accused of using child labor in the production of their soccer balls. This ethical issue has taken place in Pakistan. There are laws in Pakistan against child labor and slavery, but the Pakistan government does not take the necessary action to stop it. The United States constitution states that child labor is an illegal and inhumane practice and any United States company found guilty practicing and encouraging it will be prosecuted. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade organization prohibits member nations like the United States, from discriminating against the importation of goods made by children. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike an Ethical Issue I specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nike an Ethical Issue I specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nike an Ethical Issue I specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In essence it seems as if this practice is condoned. One of the reasons the practice of using child labor goes on is the fact that these third world countries are in such dire need and these children are helping in the support of their families. Pakistan has a per-capita income of nineteen thousand dollars per year. This equates that a typical person lives off of five dollars a day. Nike does not launch production directly in Pakistan. It is subcontracted through a local firm, which has to abide by Nike’s international rules and regulations when producing its goods. Nike has the duty to monitor the subcontracted firm. Nike an Ethical Issue Nike also has based its operations in Vietnam, China, Indonesia, Bangladesh, and India. It seems as if Nike thrives to operate in such countries due to the low cost labor to make its products. Twelve- year-old girls work in Indonesia sweatshops seventy hours a week making Nike shoes in unhealthy plants. There have been many other claims about the mistreatment of workers of sweatshops in other countries in which Nike has subcontracted. Ethical Perceptions across Cultures. The ethical perceptions across the cultures in regards to child labor come from the various sources. The culture for countries such as Pakistan, in which the earnings of one person goes to feeding ten people, it is very difficult for a low income population to survive. With the population in Pakistan being at one million and is an important center for the production of goods for export to international markets. In 1994 exports brought three hundred eighty five million dollars to the economy of Pakistan. Those exports came largely from the use of child labor producing goods. Therefore that culture is somewhat dependent upon those children that work illegally. Looking at the situation from a culture such as the United States, we view it differently. The economy as bad as it may seem it is nothing of that of other countries. The United States is rich in comparison and does not condone such practices. The idea that Nike using child labor open debate as to what is ethically right. Some would say that Nike is doing a great deed for Pakistan. The parents willingly send their children off to work in a factory to help support them so the argument along with that would be to buy more products that the children produce. This would increase their demand and they would produce more. This would allow them to earn more. It is believed this would give them a chance to rise above poverty level and the benefits would not only pay off for the families of the children, but for the nation as well. The argument to increasing the demand of the products made by child labor would be that it encourages child labor. That in turns encourages more birth rates, which creates more slavery, and sweatshops. Education among children will continue to decline. More and more children will be bought and sold on the black market and the problem would never end. Risk and consequences associated. There are many risk and consequences involved with Nike conducting business utilizing child labor around the world. This places a negative impact on Nike and it goes against what is written in the code of conduct for Nike. This could also cause a decrease in sales and a loss in revenue due to the American public opposing this type of practice in business. Conclusion Nike is a business that was built on good values and ethics. Those same values and ethics are in question in regards to the labor they use in third world countries. This labor comes in the form of children. Children are sent to work in these factories by their parents so they can help support them. These children receive very low wages and the working conditions are substandard. There are laws and regulations that govern these practices but they are not strongly enforced. These countries are very poor and the income that Nike brings to these countries drastically improves their economy. The United States constitution states that child labor is an illegal and inhumane practice and any United States company found guilty practicing and encouraging it will be prosecuted. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the World Trade organization prohibits member Nike, an Ethical Issue nations like the United States, from discriminating against the importation of goods made by children. Nike did not directly have these children working in these conditions. They hire subcontracting firms to make their products. Nike is responsible to monitor the subcontracting firms to ensure all business practices are within the rules and regulations set forth. The ethical perception across the cultures varies among the cultures. The third world countries view this as a means of providing for their families and improving the economy of their countries. Others view this act as unethical and criminal. Nike has taken risk in their production of products in which the use of child labor is used. This risk not only cost them their reputation but it prove to be a huge financial loss as well. References Websites www. American. edu/TED/nike. htm www. nikebiz. com